Roller coasters are composed of various elements, the individual parts of the design and operation, such as a track, hill, loop, turn, etc. Variations in normal track movement that add thrill or excitement to the ride are often called “thrill elements.” Basic elements Brake run Main article: Brake run A brake run on a roller coaster is any section of track meant to slow or stop a roller coaster train. Brake runs may be located anywhere along the circuit of a coaster and may be designed to bring the train to a complete halt or to simply adjust the train’s speed. Contrary to some belief, the vast majority of roller coasters do not have any form of braking on the train itself, but rather forms of braking that exist on track sections. One notable exception is the scenic railway roller coaster, which relies on an operator to manually control the speed of the train. On most roller coasters, the brakes are controlled by a computer system, but some older wooden roller coasters have manually operated brakes. These are controlled by large levers operated by the ride operators. Buzz bars on Skyliner at Lakemont Park Buzz bars Single-position lap bars on wooden roller coasters are commonly referred to as “buzz bars,” a slang term named for the buzzing sound the bars make as they release. Generally only older wooden coasters and junior wooden coaster trains still use these bars. Most parks have switched to individual ratcheting lap bars, similar to the lap bars found on steel coasters. It can be argued that single-position buzz bars give more Air time on roller coasters, as ratcheting lap bars tend to lock further during the ride in many installations. The traditional “pirate ship” style thrill ride often utilizes this type of restraint, as does the Troika. Drive tire A drive tire, or squeeze tire (depending on its usage), is essentially a motorized tire used to propel a roller coaster train along a piece of track. Although they are most often used in station areas and brake runs, they can also be used to launch trains at greater speeds. But generally they are used to propel the train at speeds between 5-8 mph. The Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal’s Islands of Adventure is notable for using drive tires to launch the train up an incline. Some roller coasters, most noticeably Vekoma Roller Skaters (Vekoma’s version of a junior coaster) also use drive tires instead of a chain or LIMs on lift hills. Drive tires are also used to power other types of amusement rides, such as ferris wheels and other spinning rides. Drive tires are often used in one of two ways on roller coasters. When oriented horizontally, drive tires are often put in pairs so as to “squeeze” a portion of the train as it crosses that section of track. In this case, it is usually the brake fin that is used to propel or slow the train with the tires. When oriented vertically, they contact the underside of the train as it crosses a particular section of track. This underside area is a flat area which often has a grated metal surface to increase friction between the car and the tire. One disadvantage of vertical drive tires is that rainy weather can greatly reduce friction between the tire and the train, possibly causing the train to slightly overshoot its intended position and cause an emergency stop. A headchopper on El Toro at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, NJ (center of picture) Headchopper A headchopper is any point on a roller coaster where the support structure of the ride comes very close to the passengers’ heads, or at least appears to. All headchoppers are, of course, designed so that even the tallest rider with their hands up would be unable to touch the structure; although if a rider exceeding the maximum height does board the coaster it could be potentially dangerous. Headchoppers are most common on wooden roller coasters, but are also found on many steel roller coasters. The inverted roller equivalent is a footchopper. Footchoppers are designed such that rider’s legs appear to come close to the ride’s support structure, water, or other ride surroundings. Suspended Looping Coasters are known for their footchopper effects due to their compact layout. Speed Monster (2006), at Tusenfryd of Norway, prominently features a launch track. Launch track Main article: Launch track The launch track is the section of a launched roller coaster in which the train is accelerated to its full speed in a matter of seconds. A launch track is always straight and is usually banked upwards slightly, so that a train would roll backwards to the station in the event of a loss of power. A launch track serves the same basic purpose as a lift hillroviding power to the trainut accomplishes it in an entirely different manner. A lift hill gives the train potential energy by raising it to the highest point in the track (and not significantly accelerating it). A launch track gives the train kinetic energy by accelerating it to the maximum designed speed (while not significantly raising it). A launch track normally includes some form of brakes. Depending on the type of coaster, these brakes may be used in every run of the coaster (this is normally found on a Shuttle roller coaster where the launch track also serves as the main brake run) or they may only come into play when a rollback occurs, normally on a complete-circuit coaster such as Stealth, Top Thrill Dragster, Kingda Ka, and Xcelerator. In either case, the brakes are retracted to allow trains to launch, and are engaged at all other times. Lift hill Goliath (2002), in Walibi World of the Netherlands, has a 150 foot (45.7 meter) lift hill. Main article: Lift hill A lift hill, or chain lift, is often the initial upward section of track on a typical roller coaster that initially transports the roller coaster train to an elevated point. Upon reaching the top, the train is then disengaged from the lift hill and allowed to coast through the rest of the roller coaster’s circuit. Lift hills usually propel the train to the top of the ride via one of a few different types of methods: a chain lift involving a long, continuous chain which trains hook on to and are carried to the top; a drive tire system in which multiple motorized tires push the train upwards, a cable lift system as seen on Millennium Force or a LSM system as seen on Maverick. Launch lift hills are like launch tracks, but instead of having it flat, it is rather at an incline. Sometimes, launch lift hills serve the same purpose as lift hills, but faster transportation of the ride vehicle to the top of the lift hill, but sometimes also to power the train up into an element, like the Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal Orlando. Launch lift hills use mostly LSMs or LIMs, but sometimes drive tires. Linear induction motor The linear induction motor is a very simple but powerful type of electric motor used to propel the cars. Rather than using a standard enclosed spinning rotor and drive wheels, there is a long flat magnetic pole plate with closely-spaced electric coils. This pole plate mounts on the track underneath the car, and a matching metal plate attached to the car moves across the magnetic pole faces. By applying a multiphase alternating current to the poles, the pole plate induces eddy currents into the moving plate, and can be used to accelerate or brake the car. Compared to other drive mechanisms, the linear motor is typically maintenance-free. The pole faces on the track and moving plate attached to the car do not need to touch, and the gap between them can be quite wide to accommodate any side-to-side car motion, so there is no friction or wear between them. Further, the magnetic coil assembly on the driving pole plates are either potted or sealed in a weathertight enclosure, so that rain, vibration, and dust does not affect motor performance or cause drive motor slippage. On-ride camera Main article: On-ride camera An on-ride camera is a camera mounted alongside the track of a roller coaster (or a similar ride) that automatically photographs all of the riders on passing trains. They are usually mounted at the most intense part of the ride, resulting in the funniest possible pictures. The pictures are available for viewing and purchase at a booth outside the ride’s exit. On the Raptor at Cedar Point and Saw The Ride at Thorpe Park, there is a video of you and your riding partner, which can also be purchased upon exiting the ride. El Toro (2006), a wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey, uses traditional lap restraint trains. Train Main article: Train (roller coaster) A roller coaster train describes the vehicle(s) which transports passengers around a roller coaster’s circuit. More specifically, a roller coaster train is made up of two or more “cars” which are connected by some sort of specialized joint. It is called a “train” because the cars follow one another around thetrackhe same reason as for a railroad train. Individual cars often vary in design and can carry anywhere from one to eight or more passengers each. Some roller coasters, notably Wild Mouse roller coasters operate with individual cars instead of trains. Thrill elements Batwing A batwing is a heart-shaped roller coaster inversion that consists of two loops that turn riders upside down twice. The train goes into a mini-reverse sidewinder, followed by a mini-sidewinder. This inversion is the inverse of a cobra roll. Like other inversions, the batwing has different names depending on the manufacturer. This element is called a batwing on Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) coasters, such as Afterburn at Carowinds or Montu at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. On Arrow Dynamics coasters, such as The Great American Scream Machine at Six Flags Great Adventure, it is called a boomerang. The first roller coaster to use the batwing element was Orient Express at Worlds of Fun in Kansas City, where it was called a “Kamikaze Curve.” The ride was demolished after the 2003 season. Another version of the batwing is the bowtie, where the second half of this element is rotated so that the train exits the elements heading in the same direction of travel as at the entrance to the element. Dragon Mountain at Marineland is an example of a coaster with this element. Butterfly inversion A butterfly inversion is sometimes found on Vekoma roller coasters. A butterfly begins like a normal loop, but as the track goes up, it twists 45 degrees to one side or the other, and then when it is headed down, the track twists back. The maneuver is then repeated, but in reverse. An example of this is found on Goudurix in Parc Asterix in Plailly, France, or Ninja at Six Flags Over Georgia. A typical cobra roll, as seen on Alpengeist at Busch Gardens Williamsburg. Cobra roll The cobra roll is a roller coaster inversion which resembles a cobra’s head. Riders traverse forward through an upwards half-vertical loop, corkscrew perpendicular to the first direction, enter another corkscrew that merges into a downward half-vertical loop that exits in the parallel but opposite direction of the entrance. It takes riders upside-down twice. There is much confusion pertaining to the correct naming of this inversion. This is because different roller coaster manufacturers give their own names to inversions. Cobra Roll is the standard name used by Intamin and B&M for this type of inversion. The first coaster to use a cobra roll was Vekoma’s Boomerang model, the first of which was built in Mexico in the early 1980s. All Vekoma Boomerangs, Drachen Fire, the Tornado at Srknniemi Park in Tampere, Finland, and almost all B&M 7-inversion coasters have a cobra roll. On an Inverted roller coaster riders go through a motion similar to sit-down steel roller coasters. (Batman: The Ride (1999) at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas) Corkscrew The corkscrew is a roller coaster inversion which most often resembles a loop that has been ‘stretched’ in terms of the element’s entrance and exit points being a distance away from each other. The main difference is that riders are inverted at a point angled 90 horizontally from the incoming track, whereas in a loop, the inversion comes parallel to the track, but traveling in the opposite direction. On Bolliger and Mabillard sit-down, stand-up, and floorless coasters, corkscrews are known as flat spins. On B&M inverted coasters, they are known as wingovers. It was named due to its resemblance to the corkscrew tool used to remove corks from bottles. Riders enter the corkscrew element and are transported significantly to the left or right while being flipped upside down 360 degrees. Due to them being much smaller than many elements, corkscrews are normally found towards the end of layouts, and often exist in pairs. This may take the form of a double corkscrew, where the end of one leads straight into the next. It is also common to see interlocking corkscrews, where the entrances and exits are parallel, but both corkscrews cross over the other corkscrew’s track. Corkscrew is the name of several roller coasters, including a three-loop coaster at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota, a three-loop roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, a two-loop coaster at Genting Highlands theme park in Malaysia, and a three-loop coaster at Seaworld, Australia. Canobie Lake Park in Salem, New Hampshire has a coaster known as the Canobie Corkscrew. The first roller coaster with a corkscrew element was the Arrow Dynamics designed Corkscrew, opened in 1975 at Knott’s Berry Farm. In 1989, the ride was relocated to Silverwood where it continues to operate. Bolliger and Mabillard created a variation of the corkscrew, a flat spin. Flat spins begin on flat track and “snap” to through the top of the inversion, whereas Arrow and Vekoma coasters used completely curved corkscrews which started on banked track. On an inverted roller coaster, a flat spin is referred to as a wingover. See also Screw axis. Cutback A cutback is a roller coaster inversion similar to a corkscrew, except that the two half-corkscrews are in opposite directions so that the train exits the inversion in the same direction from which it entered. The defunct Drachen Fire at Busch Gardens Europe, Williamsburg, VA was the only roller coaster to have a cutback inversion.The roller coaster designs today tend to incorporate overbanked turns, which are a much more fluid way of performing an exciting turn than cutbacks. Drachen Fire was closed on July 11, 1998, and subsequently demolished. Today, the only cutback inversion can be found on Space Mountain: Mission 2 in Disneyland Paris. The top configuration is a dive loop (Dragon Khan (1995), PortAventura of Spain) Diving loop A diving loop (also, dive loop) is a type of B&M roller coaster inversion whose inspiration was taken from a stunt plane maneuver. A dive loop can also be called a Split S. In this inversion, the track twists upwards and to the side, and then dives toward the ground in a half-vertical loop. This element is seen on B&M sit-down, stand-up and floorless coasters. Arrow and Vekoma use a similar element known as a Reverse Sidewinder. Just as a Dive Loop is the reverse form of an Immelmann loop, the Reverse Sidewinder is the reverse form of a Sidewinder element (Arrow and Vekoma’s version of an Immelmann). It can be seen in Arrow’s Cyclone at Dreamworld in Australia (Formerly Big Dipper at Luna Park) and Vekoma’s Ninja at Six Flags over Georgia near Atlanta (Formerly Kamikaze at Dinosaur Beach). Inclined Diving Loop An inclined diving loop is similar to a dive loop although it is exited at an angle instead of vertically. It is essentially a dive loop that has been tilted. The only two example is on Hydra at Dorney park and iSpeed at Mirabilandia Mirabilandia. This element is also known as Italian Loop. Illustrating a heartline roll, the left is a normal inversion (barrel roll) where the axis of rotation is on the rail center. The right is a heartline roll, where the axis of rotation is (roughly) on the riders’ hearts. Hammerhead Turn A hammerhead turn is based on a flying maneuver by the same name and is similar to, but not the same as, a 180-degree overbanked turn. The train enters the element with a steep slope up and a slight curve in the direction opposite that of the overall turn (a so-called “priming” of the turn). The train then banks heavily to the side opposite the initial curve and finishes its climb while it negotiates the overall turn, beginning its descent mid-way through the turn. The second half of the element is the same as the first half, but in reverse order. While negotiating a hammerhead turn element, the train has made a turn of more than 180 degrees; however, because of the entry and exit curves, the overall effect is that of a 180-degree turn that exits toward the direction from which it entered, roughly parallel to the portion of track preceding the hammerhead turn. Hammerhead turns are found on some Bolliger and Mabillard hypercoasters. Examples of these coasters are Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure, Behemoth at Canada’s Wonderland, and the Diamondback at Kings Island. Heartline roll A heartline roll is a roller coaster inversion in which the rider performs a 360-degree roll. Heartline rolls are commonly confused with inline twists. In a heartline roll, the center of the train rotates on one axis. The track itself changes in elevation so as to keep the train moving in the same line in which it started the element. In an inline twist, the track with the 360-degree twist remains straight. As such, the train moves downward and then back up during the twist. In some cases, such as Vekoma’s Flying Dutchman coaster, the degree to which the train deviates from the line in which it enters the twist is so great, the element is indistinguishable from a corkscrew. There isalso some confusion over the difference between a heartline roll and a zero-g roll. A zero-g roll is basically a standard hill with a 360 degree twist at the top. The trains ascend, twist, and then descend again (providing a brief moment of airtime). In a heartline roll, once again, the trains do not leave the line from which they entered the inversion. Horseshoe A horseshoe is a type of turnaround maneuver found on Maurer Sohne coasters. The horseshoe is essentially a 180-degree turnaround with high banking so that riders are tilted at a 90-degree angle or more at the top at the element. The horseshoe is named that way because the element is shaped roughly like a horseshoe, with a semi-circle type shape at the top. It is found on coasters such as Spinball Whizzer at Alton Towers. Afterburn’s Immelmann inversion. Immelmann loop An Immelmann loop (colloquially, “Immelmann”) is a popular inversion found on many roller coasters. In an Immelmann, riders enter a half loop and then go through a half twist and curve out in the opposite direction in which they came. The inversion is very similar to the sidewinder. A sidewinder consists of a half loop and a half corkscrew, and comes out closer to 90, while the Immelman comes out in more of a straight line back to where it started. An Immelmann traveled in reverse is a diving loop. It is most commonly found on B&M inverted and diving roller coasters. The name “Immelmann” comes from Max Immelmann, a German pilot, who created the similar aircraft maneuver in World War I (see Immelmann turn). Inline twist An inline twist is a roller coaster inversion in which the rider performs a 360-degree roll. The inline twist is often found on flying coasters, such as Air at Alton Towers, Batwing at Six Flags America, Superman: Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Over Georgia, and Firehawk at Kings Island. It can also be confused with a heartline roll. In a heartline roll the center of the train rotates on one axis so the height of the average rider’s heart never changes, whereas during an inline twist the train rotates around the track and there is usually little to no elevation difference in the track. Inline twists are sometimes also known as “barrel rolls”. Superman: Krypton Coaster’s interlocking corkscrew element. Interlocking corkscrews Interlocking corkscrews are a type of roller coaster inversion found on B&M coasters. In this inversion, two separate corkscrews spin around each other; one turns riders upside down over the other. Despite being close to each other, the two corkscrews are not necessarily taken consecutively. Examples of coasters with interlocking corkscrews: Nemesis Inferno at Thorpe Park is the only inverted coaster to feature interlocking corkscrews on the same track. (On another inverted coaster, Dueling Dragons at Universal Studios’ Islands of Adventure, one corkscrew on the “Fire” track interlocks with the corkscrew on “Ice.” Kumba at Busch Gardens Africa Bizarro at Six Flags Great Adventure Batman the Ride at Six Flags New England. Scream! at Six Flags Magic Mountain Loch Ness Monster’s interlocking loops Interlocking loops Interlocking loops are an element which consists of two vertical loops. This element has been used on only two complete-circuit roller coasters.
Roller Coaster Factors
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